25 October Understanding Man-in-the-Middle Attacks |Definition and types
Posted on 25:10:2024 in IPMC Blog by IPMC Ghana
Introduction
As we navigate the digital world which is in constant motion and advancement today, cyber threats have turned out to be one of the common threats both at the individual level and the corporate level. One of the most well-known and yet undetectable devices is the Man in the Middle (MITM) attack type. These attacks can disturb communication lines, tap on private details and most of the time cause economic or reputational risks. Even with the improvement of the measures put in place to secure data, MITM attacks still pose a great danger. This article will focus on the aspects of Man-in-the-Middle attacks, discussing their definition, illustration, and elaboration on relevant countermeasures ways of prevention, detection, and effects of such attacks on information systems security.
Man-in-the-Middle Attack Definition
A Man-in-the-Middle attack occurs when an unauthorized person manages to listen and even change the communication between two parties. The intruder may listen in on the exchange; assume the identity of one of the players involved, or even modify the electric exchange taking place—all these happening without the other party’s awareness.
Instead, picture an external party with access to a private phone line, who can not only listen to the two parties conversing but go ahead to change what is being said. The data or information conduction in such a case refers to some communication systems put in place such as discussions over the internet or the phone and even within banks. The target is misled to think that he or she is liaising with a secure target; when in this case, it is the compromised party who is in control.
Example of Man-in-the-Middle Attack
To describe the principle of the Midway attack, let us take the example of a normal banking transaction over the Internet. Let us assume that Alice has logged into her bank account using a laptop while seated at a café, connected to a public Wi-Fi network. But unknown to her, a hacker is already on the network. As Alice types in her details and asks that a certain amount be transferred, the hacker captures this information.
The aggressor may go further from observing all the moves made by Alice. They may alter the processes that are being carried out in the system, making the money routed to them rather than to their intended receiver. After Alice believes that her transaction has been successfully finalized, her money is found missing.
Types of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Attack-MITM can be inflicted in diverse ways depending on the subject as well as the mode of infiltration. Some of the most common advanced persistent threat types include the following:
1. Wi-Fi Eavesdropping
MITM attacks often involve the use of public wireless local area networks (WLANs). In such attacks, the attacker is said to ‘sit in the middle’ of the user and the internet. Attackers utilize this technique using rogue access points to tap and manipulate users’ data for passwords or other personal details like credit card information.
2. Session Hijacking
This involves taking over a controlled user’s session on the account after stealing session tokens from the websites such users subscribe. An assailant in possession of the token could assume the user’s identity and access his or her account.
3. DNS Spamming
Also known as DNS cache poisoning, DNS spamming involves a malicious user who succeeds in changing or altering DNS entries for redirection purposes. For instance, if a user is attempting to go to their bank’s official website, he or she might be misled to a replica site containing the same website where an attacker can harvest the banking login details.
4. IP Spoofing
Attackers may use techniques of IP address manipulation to project a false source of the address contained in the packet. Thus, the packet will appear to have come from a safe source. This technique allows the attackers to sniff the traffic and modify it by adding their content.
5. SSL Stripping
In SSL stripping, the HTTPS session of the user is forced to change to HTTP and therefore the data is not encrypted. They believe that they are entering data on a protected website whereas the information is being sent without protection and is therefore prone to hacking.
Famous Man-in-the-Middle Attacks in History
A excess of well-known Man-in-the-Middle attacks have come to light in recent years and have done their fair share of harm, making them more useful as a demonstration of the importance of computer security. Here are some of the examples worth mentioning:
1. Chapters of the Equifax Hack (2017)
In 2017, one of the biggest credit reporting agencies Equifax experienced a cyber catastrophe, leading the information of more than 147 million Americans to be compromised. The initial breach was resolved through some weaknesses found in their web application. However, it is reported that, as part of the attack, some data that was being exfiltrated from the organization was intercepted using man-in-the-middle methods, which escalated the effectiveness of the attack.
2. Operation Aurora (2009)
A notable computer intrusion campaign was executed by China against Google, Adobe, and other companies. As expected of such a campaign, man-in-the-middle attacks were also deployed, whereby the attackers’ interposed devices between the companies and their clients and made away with some of the companies’ trade secrets and proprietary information.
3. Stuxnet (2010)
The Stuxnet worm is often credited as the first cyber weapon used in an attack against a nation-state. However, Man-in-the-middle tactics were also evidenced in the Stuxnet attack on the nuclear facilities in Iran. The operative manipulated the signals and even queuing commands to the systems of equipment control, resulting in damaging the centers without the actual machines present in most cases.
How to Detect a Man-in-the-Middle Attack
Detecting a Man-in-the-Middle attack can be difficult since these attacks are very subtle. They have some indicators however that suggest that a system has already been compromised:
1. Unusual Network Traffic
The increase in network activity without any appropriate reason may mean that the attacker is tapping the circuit and re-routing the information. Network administrators should always keep an eye on traffic patterns for any suspicious activity.
2. Frequent Disconnections
If end users are often kicked out of the sessions or asked to log in again, this may indicate session hijacking or SSL stripping. Many people abuse logouts and systematic suspension of segments of an account to steal the said account.
3. Security Certificate Warnings
If a user encounters messages regarding untrusted SSL certificates, this may imply a Man-in-the-Middle assault. Cybercriminals are known to issue benevolent certificates and later replace them with counterfeit ones.
4. Unexplained Changes in Account Behavior
If users are surprised to see and report activities such as money transactions, changing account preferences, and actions they didn’t carry out, it means the session is compromised.
Man-in-the-Middle Attack Prevention Techniques
The fight against Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) attacks involves multiple layers of security. Both organizations and individuals can adopt various tactics to protect their communications and information:
1. Encryption
The best way to combat MITM attacks is to encrypt everything, especially translating all sensitive communication. This includes the use of HTTPS for web traffic, the use of encrypted messaging services, and VPN for secure browsing.
2. Public Wi-Fi Precautions
A public Wi-Fi connection is a hotspot for MITM attacks. Users should refrain from logging in to sensitive accounts or online banking services through untrusted networks. It is also advisable to use a VPN service to connect to such networks for enhanced security.
3. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
With two-factor authentication, for example, if a hacker can obtain account information, they will be unable to open the account. It affords an additional security measure by requiring possession of a device that only the genuine user possesses.
4. Digital Certificates
They should also employ reliable digital certificates to provide encryption for their communications. These should also be replaced periodically to thwart assailants from taking advantage of out-of-use or weak digital signatures.
5. Regular Software Updates
Outdated software usually contains elements that attackers can take advantage of. Ensuring that software, firmware parts, and browsers are always updated helps eliminate such possibilities since known weaknesses are fixed, and the chances of a MiTM attack are lessened.
How to Remove a Man-in-the-Middle Attack
In the unfortunate event of a potential Man-in-the-Middle attack on an organization, it’s imperative to take all necessary measures to curtail damage from the attack. Here is how to mitigate the damage:
1. Disconnect the Network
If the attack is still ongoing, removing the affected network is likely to stop the attack right there and then. This stops the attacker from any further interception or manipulation of communication.
2. Run Security Scans
Security personnel should conduct all-inclusive malware and vulnerability scans to detect any form of malware and the vulnerabilities that may have been exploited.
3. Reset Credentials
Regaining access requires that the whole credential basket including passwords, session keys, and API keys be reset. Users and administrators have to ensure that accounts that were used by third parties are changed to use very strong and hard-to-guess passwords.
4. Audit Logs
Examining system logs and network traffic may also help shine the spotlight on the inefficacious attack vector used thus enabling the security teams to fix the flaws that were abused.
5. Notify Affected Parties
Where there has been a breach of sensitive data, it is imperative to quickly inform the relevant people to prevent harm and to keep the trust.
Impact of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks on Cybersecurity
The implications of a Man-in-the-Middle attack extend far beyond the immediate theft of data. These attacks can have wide-reaching consequences for organizations:
1. Financial Loss
MITM attacks frequently result in direct financial losses, especially when attackers manipulate financial transactions or steal payment information. Additionally, businesses may face significant costs related to remediation, legal fees, and regulatory penalties.
2. Reputation Damage
Once a company is known to have been compromised, it may suffer long-term damage to its reputation. Clients and partners may lose trust in the organization's ability to protect their sensitive information, leading to lost business opportunities.
3. Intellectual Property Theft
MITM attacks often target valuable intellectual property, such as trade secrets or proprietary information. The theft of this data can hinder innovation and lead to competitive disadvantages.
4. Regulatory Consequences
Many industries are subject to strict regulations concerning data security and privacy. A successful MITM attack could result in non-compliance with standards like GDPR or HIPAA, leading to hefty fines and legal ramifications.
Tools for Detecting Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
There exists an excess of utilities for MITM Attack detection. These utilities are oriented towards Network Traffic Monitoring, Network Vulnerability Scanning, and Intrusion Detection with an emphasis on Proactive Defense:
1. Wireshark
Wireshark is a well-known network protocol analyzer that captures and analyzes all of the data packets traveling to and from the network. Thus, abnormal traffic that may cause a laptop theft is identified.
2. Snort
Snort is a free and open-source intrusion detection system for the deployed networks to prevent unauthorized access. Thus, it is often used for real-time traffic monitoring and is capable of detecting MITM activities such as ARP spoofing and DNS trafficking.
3. SSL Labs
SSL Labs is a site that provides an easy-to-use FREE web-based tool to test for the usability and proper viewing of SSL/TLS certificates. Many if not all middleman attacks aim for weak or even compromised SSL certificates, and this layer ensures that there is no such occurrence while surfing the web.
4. ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy)
OWASP ZAP is a very popular penetration testing tool for scanning the security of web applications. This tool aids in creating a mock MITM condition for performance tests and also helps in confirming the vulnerability that can be taken advantage of by the assailants.
Best Practices for Preventing Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Best practices for cybersecurity can limit the risk of Man-in-the-middle attacks, as illustrated below:
1. Utilize End to End Encryption
All the communication modes, predictive of anything sensitive having to do with money transfers and communication within an organization, should be encrypted entirely from one end to the other.
2. Performing Security Audits
Security audits should be performed from time to time to reveal and fix loopholes. Monitoring in a constant mode helps to uncover unfavorable actions taking place inside the system before the action takes a damaging attack.
3. Training and Awareness
The greatest threat surfaces most of the time from human behavior. Risk of MitM attacks can be lessened significantly by training people on the internet and the issues of phishing attacks and risks of using public connections.
4. Enforce Strong Authentication Procedure
There are several incorporation strong password schemes and two-step verification systems with biometrics that helps to keep invaders outside the systems even after they tamper login details.
5. Protect Your Network
Liberal Access Policies should never allow users to connect cable modems, access points, or soggy Wi-Fi networks in their devices without proper setups on back-end security controls. The use of appropriate measures, such as firewalls and IDS systems, may also assist in preventing any network-centric PBS attacks.
Conclusion
In recent years, there has emerged another form of cybersecurity Man-in-the-Middle attacks which can cause disastrous effects such as monetary loss, image loss, and sensitive information. Even though it can be hard to ascertain incidences of these attacks, they can be prevented to an extent, more so, if strategies such as encryption, two-factor authentication, and training of employees are embraced. However, as we advance in technology these day-to-day occurrences will still pose a threat hence the need to be alert and embrace advanced levels of cybersecurity will remain relevant.